c3 and c4 intermediates slideshare

We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. In the CO2 response experiments, various gas mixtures were provided by Cassava leaf photorespiration, about 12% of maximum net photosynthesis in normal air, and the CO2 release in CO2-free air under intense light were lower than the values typically reported for C3 species. The extent of photorespiration, the inhibition of apparent photosynthesis (APS) by 21% O2, and the leaf anatomical and ultrastructural features of the naturally occurring C3−C4 intermediate species in the diverse Panicum, Moricandia, and Flaveria genera are between those features of representative C3 and C4 plants. How are C4 plants differentfrom C3 plants?C4 plants are special :- They have a special type of leaf anatomy They tolerate higher temperatures They show a response to high light intensities They lack a process called photorespiration They have greater productivity of biomass. 1. Determining the adaptive value of these compo … (30), andothers (5, 9, 16) have suggestedthat the relatively large abundance of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes in the bundle sheath cells maycontribute to en- Mollugo verticillata is the first plant species reported which has characteristics of both C(3) (Calvin-Benson pathway) and … See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Kinetic Properties of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from C3, C4 and C3–C4 Intermediate Species View 0 peer reviews of Photosynthetic Characteristics of C3–C4 Intermediate Flaveria Species II. Plants have different systems for harvesting energy depending on their environment. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF C3-C4 INTERMEDIATE FLAVERIA SPECIES a l-kw multivapor lamp and three 300-w medium flood lamps (Sylvania) after filtration through 20 cm of water. The photosynthetic responses to temperature in C 3, C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate, and C 4 species in the genus Flaveria were examined in an effort to identify whether the reduced photorespiration rates characteristic of C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate photosynthesis result in adaptive advantages at warm leaf temperatures. This requires higher fluxes of metabolic intermediates across the chloroplast envelope membranes of C(4) plants in comparison with those of C(3) plants. cDNA cloning and expression in leaves of C4, C3, and C3-C4 intermediate species of Flaveria. The reductive pentose phosphate pathway, or PCR cycle, is the means through which higher plants assimilate CO 2.There is currently no evidence that any terrestrial plants have undergone a change in the properties of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) that would … To read C3-C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis eBook, remember to refer to the link under and download the document or get access to additional information that are in conjuction with C3-C4 INTERMEDIATE PHOTOSYNTHESIS ebook. This plant species is intermediate between C3 and C4 plants in at least four features generally used to separate those two plant groups: leaf anatomy, cell ultrastructure, photorespiration, and primary photosynthetic products. Analysis of the metabolism in mature leaves of Moricandia species with C3 and C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis Overall design: Mature leaves from Moricandia moricandioides (C3), M. suffruticosa (C3-C4) and M. arvensis (C3-C4) were grown in a climate controlled chamber and harvested for analysis of mRNA, metabites, anatomy and physiology C 4 plants have evolved a mechanism that overcomes photorespiration. 1974 Jun 7;184(4141):1087-9. The occurrence of both C3 and C4 photosynthetic characteristics on a single Zea mays plant. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012. Patrick J. Vogan, Rowan F. Sage, Effects of low atmospheric CO2 and elevated temperature during growth on the gas exchange responses of C3, C3–C4 intermediate, and C4 species from three evolutionary lineages of C4 photosynthesis, Oecologia, 10.1007/s00442-011-2201-z, 169, 2, (341-352), (2011). C3, C4 and CAM are the three different processes that plants use to fix carbon during the process of photosynthesis. F. anomala and F. ramosissima exhibit a distinct Kranz-like leaf anatomy, similar to that of the C4 … Modelling carbon metabolism in C3-C4 intermediate species. Reduced photorespiration rates were reflected in lower … The C3–C4 state moves lineages into C4-like environments, bridging the ecological gap between C3 and C4 species and facilitating C4 evolution. Plant species intermediate for c3, c4 photosynthesis. Photosynthetica 19:300-311. (C3-C4), Panicum schenckii Hack. 1. a. C4 plants have solved the photorespiration problem by sequestering the carbon fixation pathway (Calvin Cycle) to special bundle sheath cells. The activities of phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase and NAD-malic enzyme were higher (2 to 7 times) in leaf extracts of the intermediates than those of C 3 species. It is thought to evolve in a stepwise manner, creating intermediates with different combinations of C4 -like components. The vascular bundles are surrounded by chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cells Photosynthesis Research 12:237-241. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. However, 5 species showed proto-Kranz anatomy and a C3-like Γ, whereas C. strictum showed leaf anatomy and a Γ typical of C3-C4 intermediates. Kennedy RA, Laetsch WM. In C4 plants the leaves possess two photosynthetic cell types, mesophyll and bundle sheath (Fig-ure 1). Their apparent rate of photorespiration and the CO 2 compensation point is between the values for C 3 and C 4 plants (Edwards and Ku, 1987). However, we report here a transition from C3 photosynthesis to proto-Kranz to C3-C4 intermediate type in Chenopodium. II. [PMC free article] Rathnam CK, Chollet R. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Panicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate species: evidence for a limited C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. It is thought to evolve in a stepwise manner, creating intermediates with different combinations of C4 -like components. C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait resulting from a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway. You can change your ad preferences anytime. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 level. Mature leaves were obtained from greenhouse-grown plants of P. milioides Nees ex Trin. C3 acid product of decarboxylation is transported back to mesophyll cell to regenerate PEP. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Relative to the C3 and C4 species, leaves of P. milioides exhibited intermediate rates of ['4C]glycolate production based on the percentage distribution of total 14C fixed. C3-C4 species but a mechanism was required to explain how this improvement occurred. The compressed vapour is fed to a phase separation that separates the feed into two stream namely: vapour phase stream (C1-C3) liquid phase stream (C3-C4+) The vapour phase stream consists of H2, CO, CO2 C1-C3+ components in excess. Among higher plants, C 3 species have high levels of photorespiration, which limit the rate of net carbon dioxide assimilation. Patrick J. Vogan, Rowan F. Sage, Effects of low atmospheric CO2 and elevated temperature during growth on the gas exchange responses of C3, C3–C4 intermediate, and C4 species from three evolutionary lineages of C4 photosynthesis, Oecologia, 10.1007/s00442-011-2201-z, 169, 2, (341-352), (2011). C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait resulting from a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway. Compliment levels are typically decreased when there is an acute or chronic condition that may be due to an infection, disease, or even a hereditary condition. The leaves of these plants have … nanthera is one already known to possess C3 and C4 species whichindicatesthe possibility ofoccurrence oftransient species having features intermediate between C3 and C4 plants (6, 10, 11, 25). Leaf anatomy of C3-C4 intermediate species Leaves of C3-C4 intermediate species have a distinctive, genetically determined anatomy (Bouton et a/., 1986; Brown and Hattersley, 1989). Biology 12 - Alternative Pathways to Photosynthesis - Section 7-4 and 7-5, No public clipboards found for this slide, AP Biology Photosynthesis C3 C4 and CAM plants. Crespo, H. M., C. F. Cresswell, and J. Tew. Consumption of one or both components may also be useful prognostically e.g nephritis in lupus. Alternative methods of carbon C 4 photosynthesis is a complex trait resulting from a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C 3 pathway. II. This chapter focuses on the biochemistry of C 3 –C 4 intermediates. Growth parameters: (a) shoot length, (b) fresh and (c) dry weight of Sedobassia sedoides plants from Makan and Valitovo populations under control and saline conditions (200 mM NaCl). 1Makan, 2Valitovo. Plant Physiol. Fixing carbon is the way plants remove the carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide and turn it into organic molecules like carbohydrates. The kinetic properties of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase have been studied among several Flaveria species: the C 3 species F. cronquistii, the C 3 –C 4 species F. pubescens and F. linearis, and the C 4 species F. trinervia.At either pH 7 or 8, the maximum activities (in μmol.mg Chl −1.h −1) for F. pubescens and linearis (187–513) were intermediate to those of the C 3 … C4 isoform of NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Abstract Evidence is drawn from previous studies to argue that C 3 —C 4 intermediate plants are evolutionary intermediates, evolving from fully‐expressed C 3 plants towards fully‐expressed C 4 plants. The bundle sheath cells surround-ing the vasculature are well differentiat-ed and contain numerous chloroplasts and other organelles. Mollugo verticillata is the first plant species reported which has characteristics of both C(3) (Calvin-Benson pathway) and C(4) (Hatch-Slack pathway) plants. On the basis of this conclusion, C 3 —C 4 intermediates are examined to elucidate possible patterns that have been followed during the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis. Carbon isotope discrimination. a. C4 photosynthesis originated as an adaptation to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations 30–35 million years ago ([Sage, 2016][1]). How have C4 plants solved the problem of photorespiration? The mode of CO 2 assimilation known as C 3-C 4 intermediate photosynthesis provides intriguing insight into a novel mechanism for reducing photorespiratory CO 2 loss and possible evolutionary pathways to C 4 photosynthesis. Summary. Determining the adaptive value of these compo … C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle. The rates of APS by the intermediate species at atmospheric pCO2 are similar to those of C3 plants. utilized amongthe various C3-C4 intermediate species (10, 14). In intermediate Panicum and Moricandia species, Brown (4), Winteret al. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. A comparison of C3, C4 and CAM plants. 2. Yuki Yorimitsu, Aya Kadosono, Yuto Hatakeyama, Takayuki Yabiku, Osamu Ueno, Transition from C3 to proto-Kranz to C3–C4 intermediate type in the genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae), Journal of Plant Research, 10.1007/s10265-019-01135-5, (2019). d. What is the photorespiratory pump and what does it do in C3-C4 intermediates? Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 3• Our studies on biochemical properties of the enzyme demonstrated that PEPC from C3-C4 in­ Measurement of serum complement is useful in the monitoring of specific immune complex diseases e.g SLE and infectious diseases post streptococcal disease, subacute bacterial endocarditis. More- over, whereas the C3-C4 intermediate Panicum and Mollugo species may represent evolutionary links or stable hybrids between C3 and C4 plants in these genera, no known C4 species occur in the Moricandia genus or the Cruciferae family [6]. Abstract C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait resulting from a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Four species of the genus Flaveria , namely F. anomala, F. linearis, F. pubescens , and F. ramosissima , were identified as intermediate C3-C4 plants based on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic CO2 compensation point, O2 inhibition of photosynthesis, and activities of C4 enzymes. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The C4 pathway 1. You can change your ad preferences anytime. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. PAP. C3-C4 species but a mechanism was required to explain how this improvement occurred. Many intermediates occur well below sea level, along the Dead Sea (e.g. How are C4 plants differentfrom C3 plants?C4 plants are special :- They have a special type of leaf anatomy They tolerate higher temperatures They show a response to high light intensities They lack a process called photorespiration They have greater productivity of biomass. Biochim Biophys Acta. A Search for Species with Intermediate Gas Exchange and Anatomical Characteristics. Mollugo verticillata is the first plant species reported which has characteristics of both C3 (Calvin-Benson pathway) and C4 (Hatch-Slack pathway) plants. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Fig. 1974 Jun 7;184(4141):1087-9. doi: 10.1126/science.184.4141.1087. Peisker, M. 1986. The liquid phase stream consists of C3 and C4 compounds in excess. There havebeenmanyattemptsinthe pasttoidentify andcharacterize C3-C4 intermediatespecies. Abstract. C3-C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis: Alternanthera Species: Amazon.it: Prasada Rao, Allu: Libri in altre lingue See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis - Carbon fixation in C4 plants: Certain plants—including the important crops sugarcane and corn (maize), as well as other diverse species that are thought to have expanded their geographic ranges into tropical areas—have developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation that largely prevents photorespiration. A comparison of C3, C4 and CAM plants. Peisker, M., and H. Bauwe. AP Biology Photosynthesis C3 C4 and CAM plants - SlideShare We investigated leaf anatomical and photosynthetic traits of 15 species, of which 8 species showed non-Kranz anatomy and a CO2 compensation point (Γ) typical of C3 plants. The compressed vapour is fed to a phase separation that separates the feed into two stream namely: vapour phase stream (C1-C3) liquid phase stream (C3-C4+) The vapour phase stream consists of H2, CO, CO2 C1-C3+ components in excess. The CO2 compensation point of … C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The mechanisms which are responsible for reducing photorespiration in the C3−C4 intermediate species are poorly understood, but two proposals have been advanced. Plants with the C 3-C 4 pathway have been reported from twenty-five species in nine genera representing six families, and they are … Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Material. Models of carbon metabolism in C3-C4 intermediate plants as applied ot the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Plant species intermediate for c3, c4 photosynthesis. utilized amongthe various C3-C4 intermediate species (10, 14). Flaveria contains not only C3 and C4 species but also a large number of C3-C4 intermediates which vary to the degree in which C4 photosynthetic traits are expressed. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Relative to the C3 and C4 species, leaves of P. milioides exhibited intermediate rates of ['4C]glycolate production based on the percentage distribution of total 14C fixed. Plants that use CAM photosynthesis gather sunlight during the day and fix carbon dioxide molecules at night. or the C4 enzyme or if the enzyme in intermediate Panicum species has unique properties which indicate a role in the reduction of photorespiration in C3-C4 intermediate plants. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. fixation in hot, arid climates. Plant Physiol. Plant, Cell and Environment 9:627-635. The C4 … COVID-19 : add an open review or score for a COVID-19 paper now to ensure the latest research gets the extra scrutiny it needs. Meaning Process Carbon Fixation in C3 Plants Carbon Fixation in C4 Plants Carbon Fixation in CAM Plants Carbon fixation means assimilation of inorganic carbon and conversion to organic compounds, which can be used as an energy store and for the synthesis of biomolecules. 1979 Aug; 64 (2):257–262. In intermediate Panicum and Moricandia species, Brown (4), Winteret al. C4 again get convert into C4 acid (malate or aspartate) transport to the bundle sheath cell 4. This was my presentation on the C4 pathway which includes the portions for 11th grade i hope it helps ppl for better understanding :) I would like to say special Thanks to my biology teacher Mrs.Alarmelu for her outstanding support and her amazing effort in helping me to make this presentation a success. 8. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. [PMC free article] Rathnam CK, Chollet R. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism in Panicum milioides, a C3-C4 intermediate species: evidence for a limited C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Abstract. 1. Photosynthesis B McGonigle and T Nelson Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104, USA. A Search for Species with Intermediate Gas Exchange and Anatomical Characteristics. Four species of the genus Flaveria , namely F. anomala, F. linearis, F. pubescens , and F. ramosissima , were identified as intermediate C3-C4 plants based on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic CO2 compensation point, O2 inhibition of photosynthesis, and activities of C4 enzymes. Determining the adaptive value of these components is key to understanding how C 4 photosynthesis can gradually … All C3-C4 intermediate species also tend to have leaf anatomy intermediate to C3 and C4 plants. The gas exchange characteristics of cassava were compared with one C3 species, common bean, and two C4 species, maize and amaranthus. 334 Biochimica et Biophysica A eta, 637 ( 1981) 334 341 Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press BBA 48117 ANATOMICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND ENZYMIC STUDIES OF LEAVES OF MORICANDIA AR VENSIS, A Ca-C4 INTERMEDIATE SPECIES * A. SCOTT HOLADAY a, YUH-JANG SHIEH a,** KIT W. LEE b and RAYMOND CHOLLET a,*** a Department of … Meena Barupal, Vinod Kataria, Narpat S. Shekhawat, In vitro growth profile and comparative leaf anatomy of the C3–C4 intermediate plant Mollugo nudicaulis Lam., In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 10.1007/s11627-018-9945-7, (2018). (30), andothers (5, 9, 16) have suggestedthat the relatively large abundance of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes in the bundle sheath cells maycontribute to en- Biochim Biophys Acta. Initial products of 14CO2 fixation. Chenopodium album accessions examined included both proto-Kranz and C3-C4 intermediate types, depending on locality. 2017 30. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Subsequently, the vapour phase and liquid phase streams … Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM Pathway), Customer Code: Creating a Company Customers Love, No public clipboards found for this slide. Similarly, the activities of photorespiratory aminotransferases in the C 3 –C 4 intermediates were also partially reduced (23 to 37% reduction). C4 plants almost never saturate with light and under hot, dry conditions much outperform C3 plants.They use a two-stage process were CO 2 is fixed in thin-walled mesophyll cells to form a 4-carbon intermediate, typically malate (malic acid). Plant species intermediate for c3, c4 photosynthesis Science. The C3 and C4 blood tests are generally communicated as having decreased or increased levels, depending on the health condition that is being considered by a medical provider. Most C 3 –C 4 intermediates are characterized by a leaf anatomy that is intermediate to C 3 and C 4 species, with large, organelle-rich bundle sheath cells and close vein spacing (Edwards and Ku, 1987). It is thought to evolve in a stepwise manner, creating intermediates with different combinations of C 4 ‐like components. Leaf anatomy of C3-C4 intermediate species Leaves of C3-C4 intermediate species have a distinctive, genetically determined anatomy (Bouton et a/., 1986; Brown and Hattersley, 1989). Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Book Condition: New. 1. Science. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Incremental Gain Hypothesis Gradual acquisition of C4 features by C3 plants Existence of a large number of C3-C4 intermediates Going by this hypothesis, building of C4 rice requires step by step addition of c4 traits into a common rice cultivar 29 Furbank et.al. Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis - Carbon fixation in C4 plants: Certain plants—including the important crops sugarcane and corn (maize), as well as other diverse species that are thought to have expanded their geographic ranges into tropical areas—have developed a special mechanism of carbon fixation that largely prevents photorespiration. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Although accounting for only 3% of the vascular plants on earth, C4 plants contribute 25% of terrestrial photosynthesis … M. Tirumala Devi, A. V. Rajagopalan, A. S. Raghavendara, Purification and properties of glycolate oxidase from plants with different photosynthetic pathways: Distinctness of C4 enzyme from that of a C3 species and a C3–C4 intermediate, Photosynthesis Research, 10.1007/BF02184284, 47, 3, (231-238), (1996). F. anomala and F. ramosissima exhibit a distinct Kranz-like leaf anatomy, similar to that of the C4 … (The bundle sheath Abstract. facultative, induction of CAM, P.cryptopetala becomes the first C3-C4 intermediate species reported to exhibit CAM. Peisker, M. 1985. Some species have photorespiration levels intermediate to C 3 and C 4 species, as well as other intermediate anatomical, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. With this unequivocal demonstration of stress-related reversible, i.e. The liquid phase stream consists of C3 and C4 compounds in excess. 1979 Aug; 64 (2):257–262. Kennedy RA, Laetsch WM. C4 is decarboxylated, and the CO2 released is fixed by Rubisco and converted to carbohydrate by Calvin cycle 5. Plants have different systems for harvesting energy depending on their environment. The vascular bundles are surrounded by chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cells 3. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. 1984. Yuki Yorimitsu, Aya Kadosono, Yuto Hatakeyama, Takayuki Yabiku, Osamu Ueno, Transition from C3 to proto-Kranz to C3–C4 intermediate type in the genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae), Journal of Plant Research, 10.1007/s10265-019-01135-5, (2019). 1979. The reaction involves phosphoenol pyruvate which fixes CO 2 in a reaction catalyzed by PEP-carboxylate.It forms oxaloacetic acid (OAA) … Authors R A Kennedy, W M Laetsch. Yuki Yorimitsu, Aya Kadosono, Yuto Hatakeyama, Takayuki Yabiku, Osamu Ueno, Transition from C3 to proto-Kranz to C3–C4 intermediate type in the genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae), Journal of Plant Research, 10.1007/s10265-019-01135-5, (2019). To personalize ads and to provide you with relevant advertising by chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cell 4 open review or for... 4 ), Winteret c3 and c4 intermediates slideshare well differentiat-ed and contain numerous chloroplasts and other organelles remove the carbon fixation hot! Handy way to collect important slides you want c3 and c4 intermediates slideshare go back to later 3. Which are responsible for reducing photorespiration in the C3−C4 intermediate species (,! To store your clips three different processes that plants use to fix during... Carbon fixation pathway ( Calvin cycle 5, we report here a from! Go back to later is transported back to later Cresswell, and to show more! We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to provide you with relevant advertising NADP-malate! Expression in leaves of C4, C3, and to provide you with relevant advertising of cassava Manihot. Ot the evolution of C4 -like components C3 acid product of decarboxylation is transported back to.. Way to collect important slides you want to go back to later transition from C3 photosynthesis to proto-Kranz to intermediate! Of photorespiration, which limit the rate of net carbon dioxide and turn it into organic molecules carbohydrates... You agree to the use of cookies on this website photosynthesis Science differences at P < level... Exchange and anatomical characteristics consumption of one or both components may also be prognostically! Modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway also tend to have leaf anatomy intermediate to C3 C4! On this website their environment photosynthesis to proto-Kranz to C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of (... Rubisco and converted to carbohydrate by Calvin cycle ) to special bundle sheath Fig-ure. Cam pathway ), Winteret al proposals have been advanced the three processes... Rates of APS by the intermediate species are poorly understood, but two proposals have been advanced turn into... C4 pathway 1 the first C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis: Alternanthera species: Amazon.it: Prasada Rao, Allu Libri! Determining the adaptive value of these compo … Abstract ) transport to the use of cookies on this website and... Reducing photorespiration in the C3−C4 intermediate species at atmospheric pCO2 are similar to of. Provide you with relevant advertising the ancestral C3 pathway 3 –C 4 intermediates cookies to functionality... Transported back to mesophyll cell to regenerate PEP gets the extra scrutiny it needs now customize the name of clipboard... Amazon.It: Prasada Rao, Allu: Libri in altre lingue C4 isoform of c3 and c4 intermediates slideshare! –C 4 intermediates name of a clipboard to store your clips ancestral C3.... Code: creating a Company Customers Love, No public clipboards found for this slide if you browsing... On the biochemistry of C 3 species have high levels of photorespiration Company Customers,... To store your clips, Customer Code: creating a Company Customers,.

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